Tables come in many shapes and sizes to fit various decor applications. Since the variety of names can be confusing, I put together a quick guide to the key types.

Accent Table at LAMPS PLUS 

One major distinguishing characteristic is height.

End tables, side tables, accent tables, and chair-side tables, range from 24" to 28" high. That puts these pieces right at arm-height when you're seated on a neighboring couch or chair.
 
Coffee tables and cocktail tables are lower, ranging from 16" to 20". Centered in a seating area, this height keeps decorative objects and refreshments below your line of sight.
 
Sofa tables, console tables, and hall tables generally stand between 28" and 36" high. This higher profile is better suited for area where people will be standing, not seated.

 

Coffee Table at LAMPS PLUS 

Another distinguishing feature is application.

End tables and side tables look best flanking a couch or love seat, and nightstands are perfect beside the bed.
 
Accent tables can do the same, but they'll also work great on their own. Use one to fill up a lonely corner, or decorate a pedestal table with a sculpture or a potted plant.
 
Sofa and console tables are often rectangular or semi-circular, fitting behind a couch or snug against a wall.
 
Hall tables are more likely round, perfect centered in a foyer with a floral arrangement or under a chandelier.

Sofa Table at LAMPS PLUS 

Hopefully this info is helpful, and keep in mind that these are merely guidelines. The real fun in decorating is making your own rules!